What is an Upper Level Ontology ? Wolfgang Degen

Gol: towards an Axiomatized Upper-level Ontology

Every domain-speci c ontology must use as a framework some upper-level ontology which describes the most general, domain-independent categories of reality. In the present paper we sketch a new type of upper-level ontology, which is intended to be the basis of a knowledge modelling language GOL (for: `General Ontological Language'). It turns out that the upperlevel ontology underlying standard m...

Contributions to the Axiomatic Foundation of Upper-Level Ontologies

In the present paper we make some contributions to the theory of upper level ontologies. Every domain-speci c ontology must use as a framework some upper-level ontology which describes the most general, domain-independent categories of reality. It turns out that the top-level ontology of the well-known standard modelling languages KIF (Knowledge Interchange Format), F-logic (Frame-Logic), and C...

Contributions to the Ontological Foundation of Knowledge Modelling

In the present paper we make some contributions to the emerging eld of so-called ontological engineering. In detail, we discuss the principles underlying knowledge acquisition from an axiomaticdeductive point of view. Then we turn to the notion of an ontology and the connection between ontology and knowledge systems. An ontology comprises ontologically basic relations such as membership, part-w...

How Essentialism Properly Understood Might Reconcile Realism and Social Constructivism

social entities like roles and institutions. What they might have been in illiterate foreign cultures is almost impossible to find out, and even with literate societies it is often difficult, since their signs and languages are social entities themselves and hard to access. Let it suffice with these remarks on social ontology. They are neither systematic nor particularly revealing. Their only p...

Cumulative Higher - Order